{ "schemaVersion": 1, "scope": "Source metadata for selected public Early Release factual summaries, historical/textual records and separately licensed scripture excerpts. Restricted optional research datasets are not included.", "sources": [ { "dataset": "Legacy atlas", "id": "pew2025", "title": "Pew Research Center — How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020", "url": "https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/", "attribution": "Hackett, Stonawski, Tong, Kramer, Shi & Fahmy (2025). Pew Research Center. DOI:10.58094/fj71-ny11. Appendix B, printed pages 180–200. Public factual data transcribed; publication remains © Pew Research Center.", "method": "Revised 2010 and 2020 estimates; seven broad affiliation categories. Census/survey/register synthesis, not annual observation. Identity is not belief or practice. 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Refer to the linked source for its terms." }, { "dataset": "Legacy atlas", "id": "source-speyer", "title": "Landesmuseum Mainz / GDKE — Jewish community at Speyer", "url": "https://guide.landesmuseum-mainz.de/en/erdgeschoss/shalom-am-rhein/schum-1/juedische-wurzeln-am-rhein/juedische-wurzeln-am-rhein-poi/", "attribution": "Landesmuseum Mainz / GDKE; linked factual summary paraphrased. No source images copied.", "retrieved": "2026-10-29", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights; original factual summary and link only. Refer to the linked source for its terms." }, { "dataset": "Legacy atlas", "id": "source-lalibela", "title": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre — Rock-hewn churches at Lalibela", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/18/", "attribution": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre; linked factual summary paraphrased. No source images copied.", "retrieved": "2026-10-29", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights; original factual summary and link only. Refer to the linked source for its terms." }, { "dataset": "Legacy atlas", "id": "source-taj", "title": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre — Taj Mahal construction", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252/", "attribution": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre; linked factual summary paraphrased. No source images copied.", "retrieved": "2026-10-29", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights; original factual summary and link only. Refer to the linked source for its terms." }, { "dataset": "Legacy atlas", "id": "source-djenne", "title": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre — Great Mosque reconstruction at Djenné", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/116/", "attribution": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre; linked factual summary paraphrased. No source images copied.", "retrieved": "2026-10-29", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights; original factual summary and link only. Refer to the linked source for its terms." }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "gobekli", "title": "Göbekli Tepe", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1572/", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Description; Outstanding Universal Value", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "met-deities", "title": "Mesopotamian Deities", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/mesopotamian-deities", "publisher": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "author": "Ira Spar", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "City deities; political changes; household worship", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "egypt-early", "title": "Predynastic–Early Dynastic Period", "url": "https://www.namuseum.gr/en/collection/prodynastiki-protodynastiki-periodos/", "publisher": "National Archaeological Museum, Athens", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Egyptian Antiquities: Predynastic–Early Dynastic Period", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "philae", "title": "Philae", "url": "https://egymonuments.gov.eg/archaeological-sites/philae/", "publisher": "Egypt Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Temple of Isis; last dated hieroglyphic inscription", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. 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Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "israel-stele", "title": "Israel in Egypt: Moses and the Beginning of Yahwism", "url": "https://oyc.yale.edu/religious-studies/rlst-145/lecture-7", "publisher": "Yale University, Open Yale Courses", "author": "Christine Hayes", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Transcript discussion of Merneptah stele", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "isaiah", "title": "The Great Isaiah Scroll exhibition", "url": "https://www.imj.org.il/sites/default/files/IMJ%20Great%20Isaiah%20Scroll%20Exhibition.pdf", "publisher": "The Israel Museum, Jerusalem", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Introduction, Great Isaiah Scroll, c.125 BCE", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "buddhist-intro", "title": "Introduction to Buddhism", "url": "https://pluralism.org/introduction-to-buddhism", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Path of Awakening; Dharma; Sangha; Three Treasures", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "lumbini", "title": "Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666/", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Description; Outstanding Universal Value", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "christian-history", "title": "Christianity timeline", "url": "https://pluralism.org/christianity", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Life of Jesus; Paul letters; Gospel emergence; Nicaea; Theodosius", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "dura-christian", "title": "Christian Building", "url": "https://duraeuropos.artgallery.yale.edu/christian-building", "publisher": "Yale University Art Gallery", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Unearthing the Christian Building", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "dura-review", "title": "House call: A new study rethinks early Christian landmark", "url": "https://news.yale.edu/2024/08/12/house-call-new-study-rethinks-early-christian-landmark", "publisher": "Yale University", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "New study of the Christian Building", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "muhammad", "title": "Muhammad", "url": "https://pluralism.org/muhammad", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Biography; Hijra in 622", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "islam-birth", "title": "The Birth of Islam", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-birth-of-islam", "publisher": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "author": "Suzan Yalman, based on Linda Komaroff", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "610–632; hijra; mosque and subsequent expansion", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "jain-intro", "title": "Introduction to Jainism", "url": "https://pluralism.org/introduction-to-jainism", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Mahavira; Tirthankaras; Ahimsa; Renouncers; Laity", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "jain-yale", "title": "Jainism Introduction", "url": "https://fore.yale.edu/Publications/Books/Religions-World-and-Ecology-Book-Series/Jainism-Table-Contents/Jainism", "publisher": "Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology", "author": "Christopher Key Chapple", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "The Jain Faith in History", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "jain-mathura", "title": "Symbol and Image Worship in Jainism: The Āyāgapaṭas of Mathura", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0376983615569814", "publisher": "Indian Historical Review / SAGE", "author": "Kanika Kishore", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Abstract; 42(1), 2015; DOI10.1177/0376983615569814", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "sikh-history", "title": "Sikhism timeline", "url": "https://pluralism.org/sikhism", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "1469; 1539; 1574; 1604;1699", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "sikh-scripture", "title": "The Sikh Scripture", "url": "https://pluralism.org/the-sikh-scripture", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "1604 compilation;1708 authority; hymns", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "islam-history", "title": "Islam timeline", "url": "https://pluralism.org/islam", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "locator": "World and America text timelines", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "buddhist-history", "title": "Buddhism timeline", "url": "https://pluralism.org/buddhism", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "locator": "World and America text timelines", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "ellora", "title": "Ellora Caves", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/243/", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "locator": "Outstanding Universal Value; Buddhist 5th–8th, Brahmanical 7th–10th, Jain 9th–12th centuries", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "hampi", "title": "Group of Monuments at Hampi", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241/", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "locator": "Description; Vijayanagara, 14th–16th centuries", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "lhasa-ensemble", "title": "Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/707/", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "locator": "Outstanding Universal Value: eighteenth-century Norbulingka residence and monastery", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "met-abbasid", "title": "The Art of the Abbasid Period (750–1258)", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-art-of-the-abbasid-period-750-1258", "publisher": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "locator": "Suzan Yalman, based on Linda Komaroff, October 2001; opening paragraph: Baghdad founded as capital in 762", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "met-jerusalem1099", "title": "Jerusalem 1000–1400: Exhibition Galleries", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2016/jerusalem/exhibition-galleries", "publisher": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "locator": "The Drumbeat of Holy War: 1099 capture and deaths of Muslim, Jewish and fellow Christian inhabitants; exhibition September 26, 2016–January 8, 2017", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "silk-buddhism", "title": "Buddhist travellers and pilgrims", "url": "https://idp.bl.uk/discover/learning/buddhism-on-the-silk-roads/articles/transmission-of-buddhism/buddhist-travellers-and-pilgrims/", "publisher": "British Library, International Dunhuang Programme", "locator": "Transmission of Buddhism; Kushan period travellers, merchants and monasteries", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "silk-networks", "title": "About the Silk Roads", "url": "https://www.unesco.org/en/silk-roads/about-silk-roads", "publisher": "UNESCO", "locator": "Networks of exchange; land and maritime connections", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "augustine", "title": "History of St Augustine’s Abbey", "url": "https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/st-augustines-abbey/history-and-stories/history/", "publisher": "English Heritage", "locator": "Augustine’s mission to Kent, AD 597", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "dura-synagogue", "title": "Synagogue, Dura-Europos", "url": "https://duraeuropos.artgallery.yale.edu/Synagogue", "publisher": "Yale University Art Gallery", "locator": "Painted synagogue; final renovation 244/245; burial under siege embankment", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "shum", "title": "ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1636/", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "locator": "Outstanding Universal Value; community centres 11th–14th centuries; ordinances circa 1220", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "spain-expulsion", "title": "The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain", "url": "https://www.nli.org.il/en/discover/judaism/jewish-history/spain-jews-expulsion", "publisher": "National Library of Israel", "locator": "1492 decree; destinations Portugal, North Africa, Ottoman Empire and elsewhere", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "recife-newyork", "title": "Today in History — January 26", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/january-26/", "publisher": "Library of Congress", "locator": "1654 refugees from Recife and September arrival in New Amsterdam", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "jewish-immigration", "title": "A Century of Immigration, 1820–1924", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/haventohome/haven-century.html", "publisher": "Library of Congress", "locator": "Central European arrivals; Eastern European immigration 1881–1924", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "jewish-dp", "title": "Displaced Persons", "url": "https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/displaced-persons", "publisher": "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum", "locator": "1945–1952 displaced persons; resettlement in Israel, US and other countries", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "omar", "title": "Omar Ibn Said Collection: List of items", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/collections/omar-ibn-said-collection/about-this-collection/list-of-items-in-the-collection/", "publisher": "Library of Congress", "locator": "Omar Ibn Said, captured in West Africa and enslaved in Charleston in 1807; 1831 autobiography", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "islam-seasia", "title": "The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia, c.1275–c.1625", "url": "https://mei.nus.edu.sg/publication/insight-55-the-spread-of-islam-in-southeast-asia-c-1275-c-1625/", "publisher": "National University of Singapore, Middle East Institute", "locator": "Peter Sluglett, March 1, 2012, Insight 55; Indian merchant connections; Sufis; Samudra-Pasai and Malacca", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "chicago-1993", "title": "1993 Parliament of the World’s Religions", "url": "https://pluralism.org/1993-parliament-worlds-religions", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "locator": "Centennial gathering; named Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, Christian and Jewish participants", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Historical timeline", "id": "pew2020-history", "title": "Global Religious Composition Estimates for 2010 and 2020", "url": "https://www.pewresearch.org/dataset/dataset-of-global-religious-composition-estimates-for-2010-and-2020/", "publisher": "Pew Research Center", "locator": "Published June 9, 2025; reference years 2010 and 2020; country-level estimates", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Modern demographics", "id": "pew2025", "title": "Pew Research Center — How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020", "url": "https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/", "attribution": "Hackett, Stonawski, Tong, Kramer, Shi & Fahmy (2025). Pew Research Center. DOI:10.58094/fj71-ny11. Appendix B, printed pages 180–200. Public factual data transcribed; publication remains © Pew Research Center.", "method": "Revised 2010 and 2020 estimates; seven broad affiliation categories. Census/survey/register synthesis, not annual observation. Identity is not belief or practice. Revised China identity measures and folk-religion categorization prevent direct splicing to older editions. Source supplies no common statistical confidence interval.", "retrieved": "2026-10-29", "published": "2025-06-09", "methodUrl": "https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/global-religious-change-methodology/", "rights": "Source publication remains copyrighted. Selected attributed factual estimates are retained; no blanket open-data redistribution license is asserted." }, { "dataset": "Modern demographics", "id": "naturalearth", "title": "Natural Earth 1:110m country boundaries", "url": "https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/", "attribution": "Made with Natural Earth. Public domain. Contemporary boundaries are orientation only, never historical or religious territory.", "retrieved": "2026-10-29", "rights": "Natural Earth geographic data is public domain; source attribution retained." }, { "dataset": "Modern demographics", "id": "pew-us-npors-2026", "title": "Pew Research Center: Religious affiliation, July 14, 2026", "url": "https://www.pewresearch.org/chart/religious-affiliation-2/", "attribution": "Pew Research Center. Five factual chart values, original categories and rounding retained; publication remains copyrighted.", "method": "NPORS conducted January 30–June 18, 2026. U.S. adults; not the global all-age 2020 population denominator. The chart does not provide a group-specific common uncertainty interval.", "retrieved": "2026-10-30", "published": "2026-07-14", "rights": "Source publication remains copyrighted. Selected attributed factual estimates are retained; no blanket open-data redistribution license is asserted." }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-met-practices", "title": "Greek Gods and Religious Practices", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/greek-gods-and-religious-practices", "publisher": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "edition": "Colette Hemingway and Seán Hemingway, October 2003", "locator": "Deity attributes and local religious practices", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-getty-myth", "title": "About Greek and Roman Mythology", "url": "https://www.getty.edu/education/for_teachers/curricula/mythology/background.html", "publisher": "J. Paul Getty Museum", "edition": "Gods, Heroes and Monsters curriculum, public museum background page", "locator": "About mythology: changing oral accounts; Roman reception", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-delphi-unesco", "title": "Archaeological Site of Delphi", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/393/", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "edition": "Public institutional statement of Outstanding Universal Value", "locator": "Brief synthesis: sanctuary and oracle development in eighth century BCE", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-delphi-temple", "title": "The Temple of Apollo", "url": "https://delphi.culture.gr/the-temple-of-apollo-2/", "publisher": "Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Ephorate of Antiquities of Phocis", "edition": "Digital Delphi monument entry", "locator": "Apollo temple; oracle; later pediment attributes", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-athens-museum", "title": "The Parthenon Gallery", "url": "https://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/exhibit-halls/parthenon-gallery", "publisher": "Acropolis Museum", "edition": "Official museum gallery entry", "locator": "The Parthenon: Athena Parthenos; work begun 447 BCE, completed fifteen years later", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-sounion-heritage", "title": "Sounion: Dedicated to the god Poseidon", "url": "https://www.hh.gr/en/destinations/sounion/", "publisher": "Hellenic Heritage, Hellenic Ministry of Culture / ODAP", "edition": "Official archaeological-site entry", "locator": "Mid-fifth-century temple; earlier sanctuary; reference geography", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-sounion-perseus", "title": "Sounion, Temple of Poseidon", "url": "https://perseus-aa.github.io/items/aa_373.html", "publisher": "Perseus Art and Archaeology / Tufts University", "edition": "Perseus building catalog aa_373; public Art and Archaeology Browser", "locator": "Date c.444 BCE; sanctuary of Poseidon; older temple context", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-olympia-heritage", "title": "Ancient Olympia: At the epicenter of the worship of Zeus", "url": "https://www.hh.gr/en/destinations/ancient-olympia/", "publisher": "Hellenic Heritage, Hellenic Ministry of Culture / ODAP", "edition": "Official archaeological-site entry", "locator": "Temple of Zeus built 470–456 BCE", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-olympia-tour", "title": "Tour of the sanctuary of Olympia", "url": "https://olympicgames.culture.gov.gr/en/periigisi.html", "publisher": "Hellenic Ministry of Culture", "edition": "Official monument-by-monument virtual tour", "locator": "Heraion c.600 BCE; Zeus temple c.476–457 BCE in this guide", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-delos-efa", "title": "Delos — sanctuaries and cults", "url": "https://www.efa.gr/delos-les-sanctuaires-et-les-cultes-3/?lang=en", "publisher": "École française d’Athènes", "edition": "Public archaeological guide, section 4", "locator": "Epigraphy and archaeology; Hellenistic accounts and inventories from 314 BCE", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-delos-nikandre", "title": "Kore of Nikandre", "url": "https://museum.classics.cam.ac.uk/collections/casts/kore-nikandre", "publisher": "University of Cambridge, Museum of Classical Archaeology", "edition": "Museum cast catalog no.1; original Athens National Museum 1", "locator": "c.650–625 BCE; inscription and Delos provenance; recipient identified as Artemis", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-delos-cyclades", "title": "The Archaeological Site and Museum of Delos", "url": "https://cyclades.culture.gov.gr/en/location/the-archaeological-site-and-museum-of-delos/", "publisher": "Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Ephorate of Antiquities of the Cyclades", "edition": "Official site and museum entry", "locator": "Festivals of Apollo, Artemis and Leto; architectural and material evidence", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-eleusis-perseus", "title": "The Great Eleusinian Relief", "url": "https://perseus-aa.github.io/items/aa_1953.html", "publisher": "Perseus Art and Archaeology / Tufts University", "edition": "Sculpture catalog aa_1953; original Athens NM126", "locator": "c.440–430 BCE; Eleusis findspot; Demeter, Kore and debated youth", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-eleusis-met", "title": "Ten marble fragments of the Great Eleusinian Relief", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/248899", "publisher": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "edition": "Object 14.130.9; Roman copy c.27 BCE–14 CE of surviving Greek original", "locator": "Description: original Eleusinian sanctuary; Demeter’s agricultural attributes; copy/original distinction", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-yria-cyclades", "title": "The Sanctuary of Dionysus at Yria, Naxos", "url": "https://cyclades.culture.gov.gr/en/location/the-sanctuary-of-dionysus-at-yria-naxos/", "publisher": "Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Ephorate of Antiquities of the Cyclades", "edition": "Official site entry; excavation by Athens and Munich universities", "locator": "Fourth temple 580–550 BCE; Dionysus sanctuary; successive ritual-food buildings", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-dionysus-kylix", "title": "Red-figured kylix, collection Δ2572", "url": "https://camu.gr/en/item/erythromorfi-kylika/", "publisher": "Paul and Alexandra Canellopoulos Museum", "edition": "Museum collection record Δ2572, catalog 81, Zarkadas 2006", "locator": "Dionysos holding ivy tendrils; sixth-century BCE vessel", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-poseidon-symbols", "title": "Poseidon", "url": "https://gulbenkian.pt/museu/en/olympic-gods-in-the-gulbenkian-collection/poseidon/", "publisher": "Calouste Gulbenkian Museum", "edition": "Olympic Gods in the Gulbenkian Collection", "locator": "Sea and earthquakes; trident and dolphin on museum coins", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-paphos-research", "title": "History of research at Palaepaphos", "url": "https://kyprioscharacter.eie.gr/en/scientific-texts/details/archaeology/history-of-research-at-palaepaphos", "publisher": "National Hellenic Research Foundation, Kyprios Character; University of Cyprus", "edition": "Artemis Georgiou, Department of History and Archaeology, University of Cyprus", "locator": "Opening site history: twelfth-century BCE Sanctuary I; Kypris later known as Aphrodite", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-paphos-stone", "title": "The sacred place of Kypris Aphrodite", "url": "https://www.unesco.org.cy/DocumentStream.aspx?ObjectID=5729&ObjectType=Document", "publisher": "Cyprus National Commission for UNESCO", "edition": "Public institutional document, Palaepaphos sanctuary section", "locator": "Conical baetylus represented in Roman-period coins and amulets", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Original concise factual paraphrases and source links only; no article text, translated passage, photograph or museum graphic reproduced.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-hesiod-chs", "title": "Hesiod, Theogony", "url": "https://chs.harvard.edu/primary-source/hesiod-theogony-sb/", "publisher": "Harvard University, Center for Hellenic Studies", "edition": "Lines 1–115 translated by Gregory Nagy; 116–1022 translated by J. Banks, adapted by Gregory Nagy; CHS online edition dated 2019-12-12", "locator": "Theogony lines 188–206,453–458,886–900,912–949", "rights": "Ancient work is public domain; modern CHS translation/adaptation rights are not assumed. Original paraphrases and exact references only; no translated passages copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Greek collection", "id": "greek-iliad-chs", "title": "Homeric Iliad", "url": "https://chs.harvard.edu/primary-source/homeric-iliad-sb/", "publisher": "Harvard University, Center for Hellenic Studies", "edition": "Samuel Butler translation revised by Soo-Young Kim, Kelly McCray, Gregory Nagy and Timothy Power; CHS online edition", "locator": "Rhapsody 5, lines 370–417: Dione identified as Aphrodite’s mother", "rights": "Ancient work is public domain; modern CHS translation/adaptation rights are not assumed. Original paraphrases and exact references only; no translated passages copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "world-met-achaemenid", "title": "The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 B.C.)", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-achaemenid-persian-empire-550-330-b-c", "publisher": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "edition": "Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, October 2004", "locator": "Opening geographic summary; formation in 550 BCE; conquest in 330 BCE", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Original short factual summary and public source link only; no source article, map, photograph or historical-boundary dataset copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "world-met-mauryan", "title": "Mauryan Empire (ca.323–185 B.C.)", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/mauryan-empire-ca-323-185-b-c", "publisher": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "edition": "Department of Asian Art, October 2000", "locator": "Body: dynasty c.321–185 BCE; Bengal–Afghanistan / Narmada description; later expansion; Ashoka c.273–232 BCE", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Original short factual summary and public source link only; no source article, map, photograph or historical-boundary dataset copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "world-met-roman", "title": "The Roman Empire (27 B.C.–393 A.D.)", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-roman-empire-27-b-c-393-a-d", "publisher": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "edition": "Christopher S. Lightfoot, October 2000", "locator": "27 BCE foundation; provinces; final section Diocletian, Constantine and the Late Empire (284–476 CE)", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Original short factual summary and public source link only; no source article, map, photograph or historical-boundary dataset copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "world-met-abbasid", "title": "The Art of the Abbasid Period (750–1258)", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-art-of-the-abbasid-period-750-1258", "publisher": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "edition": "Suzan Yalman, based on Linda Komaroff, October 2001", "locator": "Opening paragraphs: Iraq; Baghdad founded 762; Samarra capital 836–892; later loss of political unity", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Original short factual summary and public source link only; no source article, map, photograph or historical-boundary dataset copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "world-unesco-hampi", "title": "Group of Monuments at Hampi", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241/", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "edition": "Public statement of Outstanding Universal Value", "locator": "Description and Brief synthesis: Vijayanagara capital; fourteenth–sixteenth centuries; destruction in 1565", "rights": "UNESCO marks its site-description text CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0. This dataset supplies an original short factual summary and source link; no source prose, map or image is copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "world-nus-ocean", "title": "The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia, c.1275–c.1625", "url": "https://mei.nus.edu.sg/publication/insight-55-the-spread-of-islam-in-southeast-asia-c-1275-c-1625/", "publisher": "National University of Singapore, Middle East Institute", "edition": "Peter Sluglett, Insight55, March1,2012", "locator": "Merchant-origin uncertainty; northern Sumatra; early-fifteenth-century Malacca and links with Sumatra / China", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Original short factual summary and public source link only; no source article, map, photograph or historical-boundary dataset copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "world-met-antique-trade", "title": "Trade Routes between Europe and Asia during Antiquity", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/trade-routes-between-europe-and-asia-during-antiquity", "publisher": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "edition": "Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, October 2000", "locator": "Opening: network by beginning of first century CE; Chinese silk to West Asia / Mediterranean; multiple land and sea branches", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Original short factual summary and public source link only; no source article, map, photograph or historical-boundary dataset copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "world-unesco-silk", "title": "About the Silk Roads", "url": "https://www.unesco.org/en/silk-roads/about-silk-roads", "publisher": "UNESCO", "edition": "Public Silk Roads Programme overview", "locator": "Networks rather than a single route; land and maritime branches; movement of goods and ideas", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Original short factual summary and public source link only; no source article, map, photograph or historical-boundary dataset copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "lumbini", "title": "Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666/", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Description; Outstanding Universal Value", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "christian-history", "title": "Christianity timeline", "url": "https://pluralism.org/christianity", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Life of Jesus; Paul letters; Gospel emergence; Nicaea; Theodosius", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "dura-christian", "title": "Christian Building", "url": "https://duraeuropos.artgallery.yale.edu/christian-building", "publisher": "Yale University Art Gallery", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Unearthing the Christian Building", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "dura-review", "title": "House call: A new study rethinks early Christian landmark", "url": "https://news.yale.edu/2024/08/12/house-call-new-study-rethinks-early-christian-landmark", "publisher": "Yale University", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "New study of the Christian Building", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "dura-synagogue", "title": "Synagogue, Dura-Europos", "url": "https://duraeuropos.artgallery.yale.edu/Synagogue", "publisher": "Yale University Art Gallery", "locator": "Painted synagogue; final renovation 244/245; burial under siege embankment", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "augustine", "title": "History of St Augustine’s Abbey", "url": "https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/st-augustines-abbey/history-and-stories/history/", "publisher": "English Heritage", "locator": "Augustine’s mission to Kent, AD 597", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "met-jerusalem1099", "title": "Jerusalem 1000–1400: Exhibition Galleries", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2016/jerusalem/exhibition-galleries", "publisher": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "locator": "The Drumbeat of Holy War: 1099 capture and deaths of Muslim, Jewish and fellow Christian inhabitants; exhibition September 26, 2016–January 8, 2017", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "muhammad", "title": "Muhammad", "url": "https://pluralism.org/muhammad", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Biography; Hijra in 622", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "met-abbasid", "title": "The Art of the Abbasid Period (750–1258)", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-art-of-the-abbasid-period-750-1258", "publisher": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "locator": "Suzan Yalman, based on Linda Komaroff, October 2001; opening paragraph: Baghdad founded as capital in 762", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "islam-seasia", "title": "The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia, c.1275–c.1625", "url": "https://mei.nus.edu.sg/publication/insight-55-the-spread-of-islam-in-southeast-asia-c-1275-c-1625/", "publisher": "National University of Singapore, Middle East Institute", "locator": "Peter Sluglett, March 1, 2012, Insight 55; Indian merchant connections; Sufis; Samudra-Pasai and Malacca", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "hampi", "title": "Group of Monuments at Hampi", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241/", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "locator": "Description; Vijayanagara, 14th–16th centuries", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "hindu-history", "title": "Hinduism timeline", "url": "https://pluralism.org/hinduism", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "c.1400–900 BCE Composition of the Vedas; 100–500 CE; later traditions", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "spain-expulsion", "title": "The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain", "url": "https://www.nli.org.il/en/discover/judaism/jewish-history/spain-jews-expulsion", "publisher": "National Library of Israel", "locator": "1492 decree; destinations Portugal, North Africa, Ottoman Empire and elsewhere", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "recife-newyork", "title": "Today in History — January 26", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/january-26/", "publisher": "Library of Congress", "locator": "1654 refugees from Recife and September arrival in New Amsterdam", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "jewish-immigration", "title": "A Century of Immigration, 1820–1924", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/haventohome/haven-century.html", "publisher": "Library of Congress", "locator": "Central European arrivals; Eastern European immigration 1881–1924", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "jewish-dp", "title": "Displaced Persons", "url": "https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/displaced-persons", "publisher": "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum", "locator": "1945–1952 displaced persons; resettlement in Israel, US and other countries", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "omar", "title": "Omar Ibn Said Collection: List of items", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/collections/omar-ibn-said-collection/about-this-collection/list-of-items-in-the-collection/", "publisher": "Library of Congress", "locator": "Omar Ibn Said, captured in West Africa and enslaved in Charleston in 1807; 1831 autobiography", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "buddhist-history", "title": "Buddhism timeline", "url": "https://pluralism.org/buddhism", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "locator": "World and America text timelines", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "World Context", "id": "chicago-1993", "title": "1993 Parliament of the World’s Religions", "url": "https://pluralism.org/1993-parliament-worlds-religions", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "locator": "Centennial gathering; named Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, Christian and Jewish participants", "rights": "Publisher retains rights. Concise original factual abstracts and links only; no article or image reproduction.", "accessed": "2026-10-30" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "gobekli", "title": "Göbekli Tepe", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1572/", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Description; Outstanding Universal Value", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "prehistory", "title": "Prehistory: Religion", "url": "https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/prehistory/religion/", "publisher": "English Heritage", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Opening; Communal Tombs", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "met-deities", "title": "Mesopotamian Deities", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/mesopotamian-deities", "publisher": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "author": "Ira Spar", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "City deities; political changes; household worship", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "met-creation", "title": "Mesopotamian Creation Myths", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/epic-of-creation-mesopotamia", "publisher": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "author": "Ira Spar", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Opening; Sumerian creation accounts", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "egypt-early", "title": "Predynastic–Early Dynastic Period", "url": "https://www.namuseum.gr/en/collection/prodynastiki-protodynastiki-periodos/", "publisher": "National Archaeological Museum, Athens", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Egyptian Antiquities: Predynastic–Early Dynastic Period", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "egypt-maat", "title": "Religion in Ancient Egypt: Maat", "url": "https://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/social/ancientegypt/religionegypt/religion_pg04.html", "publisher": "University of Chicago Library, eCUIP", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Maat and the king", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "philae", "title": "Philae", "url": "https://egymonuments.gov.eg/archaeological-sites/philae/", "publisher": "Egypt Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Temple of Isis; last dated hieroglyphic inscription", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "hindu-history", "title": "Hinduism timeline", "url": "https://pluralism.org/hinduism", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "c.1400–900 BCE Composition of the Vedas; 100–500 CE; later traditions", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "hindu-intro", "title": "Introduction to Hinduism", "url": "https://pluralism.org/introduction-to-hinduism", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Textures of Tradition; Veda; Bhakti; Temple and Image", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "rigveda", "title": "Rigveda", "url": "https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/rigveda", "publisher": "UNESCO Memory of the World", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Description; manuscript nomination reference", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "prambanan", "title": "Prambanan Temple Compounds", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/642/", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Description; Brief synthesis; Authenticity", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "judaism-intro", "title": "Introduction to Judaism", "url": "https://pluralism.org/introduction-to-judaism", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Torah; Post-Biblical Religion; Rabbinic Text; Diaspora", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "covenant", "title": "Covenant", "url": "https://pluralism.org/covenant", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Abraham and Sinai/Moses covenants", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "israel-stele", "title": "Israel in Egypt: Moses and the Beginning of Yahwism", "url": "https://oyc.yale.edu/religious-studies/rlst-145/lecture-7", "publisher": "Yale University, Open Yale Courses", "author": "Christine Hayes", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Transcript discussion of Merneptah stele", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "isaiah", "title": "The Great Isaiah Scroll exhibition", "url": "https://www.imj.org.il/sites/default/files/IMJ%20Great%20Isaiah%20Scroll%20Exhibition.pdf", "publisher": "The Israel Museum, Jerusalem", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Introduction, Great Isaiah Scroll, c.125 BCE", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "buddhist-intro", "title": "Introduction to Buddhism", "url": "https://pluralism.org/introduction-to-buddhism", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Path of Awakening; Dharma; Sangha; Three Treasures", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "buddhist-expansion", "title": "The Expansion of Buddhism", "url": "https://pluralism.org/the-expansion-of-buddhism", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Ashoka; development of regional streams", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "lumbini", "title": "Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666/", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Description; Outstanding Universal Value", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "christian-history", "title": "Christianity timeline", "url": "https://pluralism.org/christianity", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Life of Jesus; Paul letters; Gospel emergence; Nicaea; Theodosius", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "dura-christian", "title": "Christian Building", "url": "https://duraeuropos.artgallery.yale.edu/christian-building", "publisher": "Yale University Art Gallery", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Unearthing the Christian Building", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "dura-review", "title": "House call: A new study rethinks early Christian landmark", "url": "https://news.yale.edu/2024/08/12/house-call-new-study-rethinks-early-christian-landmark", "publisher": "Yale University", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "New study of the Christian Building", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "muhammad", "title": "Muhammad", "url": "https://pluralism.org/muhammad", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Biography; Hijra in 622", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "islam-birth", "title": "The Birth of Islam", "url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-birth-of-islam", "publisher": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "author": "Suzan Yalman, based on Linda Komaroff", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "610–632; hijra; mosque and subsequent expansion", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "birmingham", "title": "What is the Birmingham Qur’an?", "url": "https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/facilities/cadbury/birmingham-quran-mingana-collection/birmingham-quran/what-is", "publisher": "University of Birmingham, Cadbury Research Library", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Manuscript; Radiocarbon result", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "ummah", "title": "One Ummah with Many Views", "url": "https://pluralism.org/one-ummah-with-many-views", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Diversity; Sunni/Shi’i; jurisprudence; Sufi movements", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "jain-intro", "title": "Introduction to Jainism", "url": "https://pluralism.org/introduction-to-jainism", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Mahavira; Tirthankaras; Ahimsa; Renouncers; Laity", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "jain-yale", "title": "Jainism Introduction", "url": "https://fore.yale.edu/Publications/Books/Religions-World-and-Ecology-Book-Series/Jainism-Table-Contents/Jainism", "publisher": "Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology", "author": "Christopher Key Chapple", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "The Jain Faith in History", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "jain-mathura", "title": "Symbol and Image Worship in Jainism: The Āyāgapaṭas of Mathura", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0376983615569814", "publisher": "Indian Historical Review / SAGE", "author": "Kanika Kishore", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Abstract; 42(1), 2015; DOI10.1177/0376983615569814", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "sikh-history", "title": "Sikhism timeline", "url": "https://pluralism.org/sikhism", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "1469; 1539; 1574; 1604;1699", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "sikh-scripture", "title": "The Sikh Scripture", "url": "https://pluralism.org/the-sikh-scripture", "publisher": "Harvard University, The Pluralism Project", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "1604 compilation;1708 authority; hymns", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Origins", "id": "sikh-witness", "title": "The life and doctrine of Guru Nanak", "url": "https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29065/1/10731160.pdf", "publisher": "SOAS University of London repository", "edition": "Public institutional webpage as accessed; not a historical text edition", "locator": "Printed thesis p.94: India Office Library manuscript Panjabi B40,1733", "rights": "Source publisher retains rights. Only concise original factual paraphrases and links are included; no source images or full articles copied.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Bible and Quran collections", "id": "web-rights", "title": "World English Bible Classic — edition and public-domain notice", "url": "https://ebible.org/bible/details.php?id=eng-web", "publisher": "eBible.org", "rights": "Public domain; name is a trademark identifying faithful text copies.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Bible and Quran collections", "id": "web-GEN01", "title": "World English Bible Classic — Genesis 1", "url": "https://ebible.org/eng-web/GEN01.htm", "publisher": "eBible.org", "locator": "Genesis 1", "rights": "Public-domain verse text, publisher footnote callouts excluded; display whitespace normalized.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Bible and Quran collections", "id": "web-GEN02", "title": "World English Bible Classic — Genesis 2", "url": "https://ebible.org/eng-web/GEN02.htm", "publisher": "eBible.org", "locator": "Genesis 2", "rights": "Public-domain verse text, publisher footnote callouts excluded; 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No later edition imported.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Bible and Quran collections", "id": "pickthall-51", "title": "Pickthall 1930 — The Winnowing Winds", "url": "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Meaning_of_the_Glorious_Koran_(1930)/The_Winnowing_Winds", "publisher": "Marmaduke Pickthall; Wikisource scan-backed transcription", "locator": "Surah 51; transcription revision 15191829", "rights": "1930 original translation is public domain; Wikisource transcription attribution retained.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Bible and Quran collections", "id": "pickthall-rights", "title": "1930 edition scan and rights record", "url": "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/File:The_Meaning_of_the_Glorious_Koran_(1930).pdf", "publisher": "Wikimedia Commons / 1930 printed edition", "rights": "Source record marks public domain: author died 1936; published before January 1, 1931. Current access date is 2026.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Bible and Quran collections", "id": "tanzil", "title": "Tanzil Quran Text — Uthmani, Version 1.1", "url": "https://tanzil.net/download/", "publisher": "Tanzil Project", "locator": "Verse-numbered Uthmani text v1.1", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 with explicit verbatim-copy condition; complete notice retained.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Bible and Quran collections", "id": "tanzil-rights", "title": "Tanzil Quran Text License", "url": "https://tanzil.net/docs/Text_License", "publisher": "Tanzil Project", "rights": "CC BY 3.0; do not change text; source attribution/link and copyright notice required.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Bible and Quran collections", "id": "hayes-genesis", "title": "Christine Hayes — Genesis 1–4 in ancient Near Eastern context", "url": "https://oyc.yale.edu/religious-studies/rlst-145/lecture-3", "publisher": "Yale University, Open Yale Courses", "locator": "Lecture 3, chapters 2–4", "rights": "Facts summarized with attribution; publisher retains rights.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Bible and Quran collections", "id": "hayes-genesis2", "title": "Christine Hayes — second creation account and historical-critical reading", "url": "https://oyc.yale.edu/religious-studies/rlst-145/lecture-4", "publisher": "Yale University, Open Yale Courses", "locator": "Lecture 4, chapter 1", "rights": "Facts summarized with attribution; publisher retains rights.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Bible and Quran collections", "id": "rashi-creation", "title": "Rashi on Genesis 1:1:2 — grammatical and homiletic readings", "url": "https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_Genesis.1.1.2?lang=bi", "publisher": "Rashi; Rosenbaum/Silbermann English edition via Sefaria", "locator": "Comment 2; 1929–1934 English edition", "rights": "Only a concise paraphrase included; Sefaria API identifies the cited English edition as Public Domain.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Bible and Quran collections", "id": "augustine-creation", "title": "Augustine — City of God, Book XI", "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120111.htm", "publisher": "Augustine; Marcus Dods translation, New Advent", "locator": "Chapters 6–8", "rights": "Only concise paraphrase included.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Bible and Quran collections", "id": "birmingham-quran", "title": "Birmingham Quran — manuscript, parchment dating and limits", "url": "https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/facilities/cadbury/birmingham-quran-mingana-collection/birmingham-quran/research-and-conservation", "publisher": "University of Birmingham", "locator": "Research and conservation; radiocarbon result", "rights": "Facts summarized with attribution; publisher retains rights.", "accessed": "2026-10-29" }, { "dataset": "Religions Through Time — Indigenous Americas expansion", "id": "americas-la-venta", "title": "La Venta: architecture and sculptural style", "url": "https://lugares.inah.gob.mx/es/node/5524", "attribution": "INAH / Lugares; Rebecca González Lauck; 1200–400 a.C.; ceremonial precinct and offerings", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "published": null, "rights": "Original factual paraphrase and source link only. Publisher retains page, images and text rights." }, { "dataset": "Religions Through Time — Indigenous Americas expansion", "id": "americas-monte-alban", "title": "Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/415/", "attribution": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre; Description; Zapotec capital 500 BC–850 AD; ceremonial centre", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "published": null, "rights": "Original factual paraphrase and source link only. Publisher retains page, images and text rights." }, { "dataset": "Religions Through Time — Indigenous Americas expansion", "id": "americas-tikal", "title": "Tikal National Park", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/64/", "attribution": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre; Outstanding Universal Value; monuments 292 BC–869 AD; ceremonial structures", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "published": null, "rights": "Original factual paraphrase and source link only. Publisher retains page, images and text rights." }, { "dataset": "Religions Through Time — Indigenous Americas expansion", "id": "americas-maya-living", "title": "The Maya | Living Maya Time", "url": "https://maya.nmai.si.edu/maya", "attribution": "Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian; The Maya; contemporary Maya and José Huchim Herrera's Yucatec Maya account", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "published": null, "rights": "Original factual paraphrase and source link only. Publisher retains page, images and text rights." }, { "dataset": "Religions Through Time — Indigenous Americas expansion", "id": "americas-templo", "title": "Zona Arqueológica Templo Mayor", "url": "https://www.inah.gob.mx/zonas/zona-arqueologica-templo-mayor", "attribution": "INAH; Relevancia cultural; chronology 1325–1521 CE; double temple", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "published": null, "rights": "Original factual paraphrase and source link only. Publisher retains page, images and text rights." }, { "dataset": "Religions Through Time — Indigenous Americas expansion", "id": "americas-machu", "title": "Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/274/", "attribution": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre; Description; 15th-century construction; ceremonial and other functions", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "published": null, "rights": "Original factual paraphrase and source link only. Publisher retains page, images and text rights." }, { "dataset": "Religions Through Time — Indigenous Americas expansion", "id": "americas-poverty", "title": "Monumental Earthworks of Poverty Point: World Heritage Site", "url": "https://home.nps.gov/articles/000/monumental-earthworks-of-poverty-point-world-heritage-site.htm", "attribution": "U.S. National Park Service; 1700–1100 BCE; residential and ceremonial uses; function limits", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "published": null, "rights": "Original factual paraphrase and source link only. Publisher retains page, images and text rights." }, { "dataset": "Religions Through Time — Indigenous Americas expansion", "id": "americas-hopewell", "title": "History & Culture — Hopewell Culture National Historical Park", "url": "https://www.nps.gov/hocu/learn/historyculture/index.htm", "attribution": "U.S. National Park Service; 1–400 CE; ceremonial earthworks and broad Hopewell network", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "published": null, "rights": "Original factual paraphrase and source link only. Publisher retains page, images and text rights." }, { "dataset": "Religions Through Time — Indigenous Americas expansion", "id": "americas-chaco", "title": "New Mexico: Chaco Culture National Historical Park", "url": "https://www.nps.gov/articles/chaco.htm", "attribution": "U.S. National Park Service; 850–1250 CE; ceremonial gatherings, trade and architecture", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "published": null, "rights": "Original factual paraphrase and source link only. Publisher retains page, images and text rights." }, { "dataset": "Religions Through Time — Indigenous Americas expansion", "id": "americas-cahokia", "title": "Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/198/", "attribution": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre; Outstanding Universal Value; 800–1350 CE religious, political and economic centre", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "published": null, "rights": "Original factual paraphrase and source link only. Publisher retains page, images and text rights." }, { "dataset": "Religions Through Time — Indigenous Americas expansion", "id": "americas-onondaga", "title": "Indigenous Peoples’ Day Festival", "url": "https://www.onondaganation.org/events/2024/indigenous-peoples-day-festival/", "attribution": "Onondaga Nation; 26 September 2024 announcement; 13 October 2024 public opening/closing Thanksgiving Address", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "published": "2024-09-26", "rights": "Original factual paraphrase and source link only. Publisher retains page, images and text rights." } ] }